Bundle sheath chloroplasts (BSC) and MC were completely deformed. Injuries to foliar tissues, such as necrosis and depigmentation, were visible as early as 24 h after herbicide application. Saflufenacil reduced chlorophyll content, impairing energy absorption in the antenna complex. There was a reduction in the number of grana in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells (MC) in necrotic areas. Clomazone caused a decrease in photosynthetic pigment content over time, mostly in young leaves, leading to an “albino” like appearance. No signs of tolerance to either of the tested herbicides were observed. Pigment content, visible injuries, morphological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per treatment. Plants were sprayed with four concentrations of each herbicide (clomazone: 500, 1000, 15 g of active ingredient (ai) ha−1 and saflufenacil: 49, 98, 147 and 196 g ai ha−1) besides control (without spraying) 20 days after transplantation. We studied the effects of these two herbicides on morphoanatomical parameters of Setaria viridis. viridis under moderate stress and that application of KCl as means of lightening saline stress has a concentration and a salt level limit that must be experimentally determined.Ĭlomazone and saflufenacil are herbicides extensively used worldwide to weed control. Our results support the conclusion that greater availability of K⁺ alleviates the harmful effects of salinity in S. Neither KCl concentrations were effective in reducing NaCl-induced effects on plants exposed to 250 mM of NaCl. The presence of 9 and 5 mM of KCl counteracted the effects of NaCl on plants submitted to 150 mM, concomitant with increases in K⁺ accumulation and cell turgidity conservation, causing positive effects in plant growth and metabolism. Plants exposed to 250 mM exhibited blockage in electron flow further than QA within 48h and permanent photoinhibition at 96 h. Plants submitted to 150 mM showed reductions in performance indexes (PIabs and PItotal JIP-test), and the presence of positive K- and L-bands. viridis leaves morphological and physiologically. Plants were exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl 0, 150 and 250 mM) and potassium chloride (KCl 0, 5, 9 mM). We characterized impacts in Setaria viridis exposed to NaCl and KCl to underlying photochemistry mechanisms, K⁺ and Na⁺ shoot contents, enzymatic activity, electrolytic leakage, and morphological responses focusing on non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. Besides, potassium fertilization can efficiently alleviate the perilous effects of salinity. To maintain cell functioning and improve salt tolerance, the maintenance of K⁺ homeostasis is crucial in several plant metabolism processes. Soil salinity has the potential to severely affect crop performance.
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